Researchers bonded tunable PVA/PAAm hydrogels to titanium with silane chemistry and a triply periodic minimal-surface interface, reporting interfacial energy above 1,300 J/m². A hip analogue retained low-friction articulation and integrity through 500,000 cycles at a 3,000-newton peak load and 12° rotation; an artificial disc dissipated more than 80% of impact energy, and antibiotic loading enabled controlled release. These are laboratory analogues, not animal or clinical outcomes, and long-term integration, wear, sterilization and revision behavior remain unknown.
A question for designCould a hard–soft joint distribute load, motion and therapy locally while keeping wear and failure inspectable?*5